- Through financial collaborations.
- Through joint ventures and technical collaborations.
- Through capital markets via Euro issues.
- Through private placements or preferential allotments.
FDI is not permitted in the following industrial sectors:
- Arms and ammunition.
- Atomic Energy.
- Railway Transport.
- Coal and lignite.
- Mining of iron, manganese, chrome, gypsum, sulphur, gold, diamonds, copper, zinc.
Foreign Investment through GDRs is treated as Foreign Direct Investment
Indian companies are allowed to raise equity capital in the international market through the issue of Global Depository Receipt (GDRs). GDRs are designated in dollars and are not subject to any ceilings on investment. An applicant company seeking Government's approval in this regard should have consistent track record for good performance (financial or otherwise) for a minimum period of 3 years. This condition would be relaxed for infrastructure projects such as power generation, telecommunication, petroleum exploration and refining, ports, airports and roads.
Clearance from FIPB
There is no restriction on the number of Euro-issue to be floated by a company or a group of companies in the financial year . A company engaged in the manufacture of items covered under Annex-III of the New Industrial Policy whose direct foreign investment after a proposed Euro issue is likely to exceed 51% or which is implementing a project not contained in Annex-III, would need to obtain prior FIPB clearance before seeking final approval from Ministry of Finance.
Use of GDRs
The proceeds of the GDRs can be used for financing capital goods imports, capital expenditure including domestic purchase/installation of plant, equipment and building and investment in software development, prepayment or scheduled repayment of earlier external borrowings, and equity investment in JV/WOSs in India.
Restrictions
However, investment in stock markets and real estate will not be permitted. Companies may retain the proceeds abroad or may remit funds into India in anticiption of the use of funds for approved end uses. Any investment from a foreign firm into India requires the prior approval of the Government of India.
| Actual inflow of FDI | 1995 | 1996 | 1997 | 1998 | l999 | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 (April) |
| Government's Approval | 38.7 | 57.6 | 101.3 | 82.4 | 61.9 | 63.4 | 96.4 | 32.9 |
| RBI Automatic Approval | 5.3 | 6.2 | 8.7 | 6.1 | 7.6 | 17.0 | 32.4 | 12.6 |
| NRI Schemes | 19.7 | 20.6 | 10.4 | 3.6 | 3.5 | 3.5 | 2.3 | 0.1 |
| Total | 63.7 | 84.4 | 120.4 | 92.1 | 73.0 | 83.9 | 131.1 | 45.6 |
Article on Foreign Direct Investment in India